Hits:Updated:2020-01-11 17:01:28【Print】
(I) Comparison of auto parts procurement management
Whether China's automobile manufacturing industry can truly become a pillar industry with global influence depends on the development of the auto parts industry. Without a strong, world-competitive auto parts procurement management system, China's auto manufacturing industry will be unable to have an international competitive advantage.
After decades of transformation and adjustment, China's auto parts industry is transforming into a wide range and integrated modern enterprise form. Its domestic market supply has also moved from a shortage to a relatively abundant surplus, and there are already a small number of parts products. Export to foreign markets.
However, the world's auto parts industry is also developing rapidly. Compared with the auto parts procurement management in developed countries, China's auto parts procurement management has huge gaps in both the procurement development mode and the key links of the procurement system. The specific performance is as follows.
1. Comparison of auto parts procurement and development models
At present, there are basically two models of procurement and development models in developed countries of the automotive industry, namely the Japanese model and the European and American model.
(1) Japanese model based on subcontracting cooperation
Japanese auto manufacturers have a low rate of self-made parts, with an average of only 30%, and the remaining 70% are purchased from parts companies. Japanese automobile manufacturers make dynamic evaluations based on various aspects such as component prices, component manufacturers' design and development capabilities, and long-term improvement capabilities in the early stages of automobile design drawings, and select component suppliers in the early stages of development.
There are many Japanese auto parts companies with different scales. In order to organize different auto parts companies, Japanese companies mainly adopt a multi-level subcontracting system. According to the three cases of integrated parts, slightly processed composite parts, and simply processed parts, The component companies are divided into first-level component cooperatives, second-level component cooperatives and third-level component cooperatives. After sub-contracting layers, the components of all levels of component companies are finally concentrated in the vehicle manufacturers for final assembly. , Forming a pyramid-type multi-layer interactive vertical, cooperation-based subcontracting model.
Through this form of organization, major auto companies have formed their own auto parts supply and procurement systems and an extensive network of collaborations, and auto parts companies can provide stable and long-term supply after joining the collaboration networks of major auto companies.
(2) European and American model based on market competition mechanism
The European and American model is characterized by free competition and the best option. The European model, represented by Germany, is an independent contract relationship between auto manufacturing companies and component companies. The purchase of auto components is completely free from the constraints of auto component factories. At the same time, component companies can also autonomously Develop new products for auto companies to choose and achieve their own development.
The typical practice in the United States is to conduct bidding according to detailed drawings and designs, and to place orders with multiple component manufacturers based on the bid price. The responsibilities of automobile manufacturers and auto parts factories are clear, and auto parts companies and auto companies are in a completely equal position.
The demand for auto parts from European and American auto manufacturers is also more dependent on external independent parts supporting plants.
Component manufacturers are no longer traditional processing of incoming materials, but have to bear the full responsibility of product design, manufacturing, inspection, quality assurance, timely supply and market services. At the same time, automobile manufacturers have gradually reduced direct supply sources and minimized supporting facilities for direct transactions to form a "pagoda" -shaped supply system.
The first-tier supporting factories provide system services to automobile manufacturers. This service is in the form of assemblies rather than individual parts. At the same time, it shares part of the administrative functions of automobile manufacturers and manages and coordinates second-tier and third-tier cooperative manufacturers.
(3) China's auto parts procurement development model
China's auto parts procurement and supply model: At the beginning, parts factories, as members of the core enterprise level of the automobile group, became wholly-owned subsidiaries of automobile manufacturers to meet the procurement and production needs of automobile manufacturers.
These directly-professional professional production companies generally have technical development and design capabilities. Auto manufacturers provide technical parameters and use requirements according to the models of production and development. Parts companies organize the mass production of required products, which is equivalent to order production.
At present, there are more than 100 automobile manufacturers in China, but only a few have an annual output of more than 100,000. Around each large automobile manufacturing plant, there is a vertically distributed single supporting system composed of a large number of component manufacturing enterprise groups. For example, FAW and Dongfeng's component supporting systems are composed of thousands of component companies.
China's auto parts procurement and supply model is basically based on auto procurement companies, surrounded by multi-layer parts suppliers, the center is auto production and procurement companies, the second ring is core parts production and supply companies, and the third ring is backbone components Production and supply enterprises, the fourth link is a collaborative enterprise. in
In the second ring, automobile manufacturers control wholly-owned core component companies and enjoy full control over them. Automobile manufacturers control the specifications of components and purchase required products from core components companies.
In the third ring, auto manufacturing companies control and manage key components and parts companies through equity participation and holdings, and overall deploy the production activities of key component parts companies to purchase the required products. In the fourth ring, the components and parts companies at the backbone layer and the cooperation layer companies conduct procurement and supply related activities through contractual relationships.
Under this "dependent" model, which is dominated by automobile support, automobile manufacturers must have a large department responsible for the management, control, and coordination of procurement and supply, which is not only inefficient, but also has high operating costs. Being passed on to the price of cars, car sales have lost market competitiveness. With the establishment of the market economy and the intensification of competition, this system supporting a certain vehicle system is being broken.
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